They may be the windows to the soul, but eyes can also give a clear view of what’s occurring in less ethereal parts of the body. In fact, an eye test could reveal a life or death situation.
As well as detecting vision problems and eye diseases, such as glaucoma or macular degeneration, they can sometimes also reveal whether you’re suffering from a number of serious health conditions, including diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, strokes, brain tumours and rheumatoid arthritis. Currently, researchers are investigating whether a simple eye test could also be used to identify the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease.
“Getting an eye examination is a bit like getting a whole physical examination,” explains ophthalmic surgeon Dr Steve Schallhorn, chief medical director at Optical Express.
“There are a variety of eye and general health conditions that can be picked up in an eye examination that are essentially silent.”
And not just ‘silent’ but highly treatable – if they’re picked up early.
However, the Eyecare Trust estimates that one in 10 adults has never had an eye examination – even though 85% of Britons admit to having vision problems.
Kelly Plahay, chairwoman of the Eyecare Trust, points out that many people are reluctant to get their eyes checked until they notice their sight has declined – by which point, irreparable damage to the eyes, or other parts of the body, may already have occurred.
“Poor uptake of sight tests is probably the biggest risk to the nation’s eye health,” she says. “Around 20 million of us fail to have our sight tested once every two years, yet a simple sight test can detect glaucoma years before you notice lost vision, and many childhood eye conditions which can be permanently corrected if diagnosed early enough.
“Sight tests really are essential health checks.”
Dr Schallhorn agrees: “Eyesight is our most precious sense, and it’s prudent to have eye tests – maintaining healthy eyes is important for everybody.”
According to the Eyecare Trust, around 20million Britons risk avoidable sight loss because they fail to have regular sight tests – despite the fact that more than 30million are entitled to free NHS eye care.
Adults should have an eye examination once every two years, unless advised otherwise by their optometrist, and the Eyecare Trust recommends children aged under nine, and people aged 70 and over have annual examinations.
Still not convinced? Here’s how a simple eye test could help save your life…
DIABETES
Around 750,000 people in the UK have undiagnosed diabetes, according to Diabetes UK.
Symptoms of Type 2 diabetes can creep up very slowly and are often dismissed as normal tiredness, or just part of growing old, but Dr Schallhorn points out that he’s diagnosed cases from eye tests.
High blood-sugar related to diabetes can cause problems in the small blood vessels resulting in diabetic retinopathy, which can lead to blindness. An optometrist will be able to spot early characteristic changes, such as tiny leaks from damaged blood vessels.
“Nowhere are the blood vessels more important than in the retina at the back of the eye,” explains Dr Schallhorn. “Eyecare professionals have a window to look at this, and we can see very early signs of diabetes and the effect it has on blood vessels in the back of the eye.
“You don’t need to go blind with diabetes; it’s treatable and the key is to pick it up early,” Dr Schallhorn adds.
Not only that, but the sooner diabetes is detected, the sooner it can be treated or managed, meaning other potential complications – including ulcers, kidney and heart damage – can be prevented too.
HIGH CHOLESTEROL – AND CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS
Because of the high blood flow at the back of the eye, excessive cholesterol – which is linked to cardiovascular problems – may also be spotted there, looking like deposits in the blood vessels.
Changes in the patterns of ocular veins and arteries can also be linked to cardiovascular disease and stroke. “You can see strokes in the eye, and other cardiovascular problems,” says Dr Schallhorn.
“The back of the eye is part of the brain, so anything that can affect the brain can affect the eye – and often they affect the eye first.”
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
Effects of high blood pressure – a condition which affects one in three UK adults but is often symptomless, and is linked with stroke, heart disease and vascular dementia – can sometimes be seen inside the eye.
This is because the force of blood passing through blood vessels in the retina can cause hypertensive retinopathy. Blood vessel walls may thicken, narrowing the vessels and restricting blood from reaching the retina. In some cases, it becomes swollen and its function is limited, and there may be bleeding behind the eye.
ARTHRITIS
Although arthritis is characterised by joint inflammation, autoimmune forms of the disease (like rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis) can affect other parts of the body including the eyes, and the inflammation it causes can be spotted in eye tests.
Dr Schallhorn explains that this inflammation (uveitis) is the same kind that can attack joints.
“It can slowly destroy the eye too,” he says. “Arthritis is another one of the diseases where eye examinations are important, as the ocular manifestations can have grave consequences if left untreated.”
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Although not available yet, it’s hoped that a simple eye test could soon be used to identify the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers are looking at whether warning signs can be detected using special computer software to analyse images of the eye.
Project co-ordinator Emanuele Trucco, professor of computational vision at Dundee University, says: “If you can look into someone’s eyes using an inexpensive machine and discover something which may suggest a risk of developing dementia, then that’s a very interesting proposition.”
Trucco says the research promises early warning in a non-invasive way, and the test, which will identify differences in the retinal vessels, may even be able to differentiate between different types of dementia.
TUMOURS
The eye has a large blood supply relative to its size, says Dr Schallhorn, and for this reason, certain types of tumours can spread to the eye, as well as primary tumours developing there – although this is rare. Brain tumours can also be spotted in an eye test, sometimes through swelling of the optic nerve linked to pressure from the tumour.
- See www.eyecaretrust.org.uk